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The Orthodox Tewahedo churches within the Oriental Orthodox Church currently have the largest and most diverse biblical canon in traditional Christendom. Western scholars have classified the books of the Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon into two categories — the narrower canon, which consists mostly of books familiar to the west, and the broader canon. While the main purpose of this article is to discuss and highlight the books that are exclusive to the broader canon, it is impossible to do this without at least some discussion of the narrower canon. The Orthodox Tewahedo broader canon in its fullest form includes the narrower canon in its entirety, as well as nine additional books. It is not known to exist at this time as one published compilation. Some books, though considered canonical, are nonetheless difficult to locate and are not even widely available in the churches' home countries of Ethiopia and Eritrea.[1][2]
- 1Narrower biblical canon
- 2Broader biblical canon
- 2.2New Testament
List of Amharic Bible Books. የብሉይና አዲስ ኪዳን መጻሕፍት. The Geez Bible; Old Testament and New Tesament Books. Toggle navigation መጽሐፍ ቅዱስ ETHIOPIC BIBLE. Most King James Bibles printed today unfortunately exclude the apocrypha which was included in the original however editions including the apocrypha are available for purchase through our store as are the Books of Enoch, Jubilees and Ethiopic Didascalia.
Narrower biblical canon[edit]
Old Testament[edit]
The Orthodox Tewahedo narrower Old Testament canon contains the entire Hebrew protocanon. Moreover, with the exception of the first two books of Maccabees, the Orthodox Tewahedo canon also contains the entire Catholicdeuterocanon. In addition to this, the Orthodox Tewahedo Old Testament includes the Prayer of Manasseh, 3 Ezra, and 4 Ezra, which also appear in the canons of other Christian traditions. Unique to the Orthodox Tewahedo canon are the Paralipomena of Jeremiah (4 Baruch), Jubilees, Enoch, and the three books of Meqabyan.
The books of Lamentations, Jeremiah, and Baruch, as well as the Letter of Jeremiah and 4 Baruch, are all considered canonical by the Orthodox Tewahedo churches. However, it is not always clear as to how these writings are arranged or divided. In some lists, they may simply fall under the title 'Jeremiah,' while in others, they are divided various ways into separate books. Moreover, the book of Proverbs is divided into two books — Messale (Prov. 1–24) and Tägsas (Prov. 25–31). Additionally, while the books of Jubilees and Enoch are fairly well-known among western scholars, the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Books of Ethiopian Maccabees are not. while they share a common name they are completely different from the books of Maccabees that are known and/or have been canonized in other traditions. Finally, within the Orthodox Tewahedo tradition, 3 Ezra is called Second Ezra, 4 Ezra is called Ezra Sutu'el, and the Prayer of Manasseh is incorporated into the Second Book of Chronicles.
New Testament[edit]
The Orthodox Tewahedo narrower New Testament canon consists of the entire 27 book Christian protocanon, which is almost universally accepted across Christendom.[1]
Broader biblical canon[edit]
Ethiopian Orthodox monk from Debre Damo Monastery with an illuminated Bible
In addition to the nine books discussed below, all of the aforementioned books of the narrower canon are also by definition part of the broader canon.
Old Testament[edit]
The Orthodox Tewahedo broader Old Testament has one additional book: the Ethiopic version of the Book of Joseph ben Gurion or Yosëf wäldä Koryon, elsewhere called Josippon, or referred to by its author, Pseudo-Josephus, categorizing its authorship as pseudepigraphaphical. The book is a history of the Jewish people thought to be based upon the writings of Josephus, in eight parts.
New Testament[edit]
The Orthodox Tewahedo broader New Testament canon has eight additional books. These are the four books of Sinodos, the two divisions of the Book of the Covenant, Ethiopic Clement, and the Ethiopic Didascalia. Most of the literature herein would either be considered part of the writings of the Apostolic Fathers or part of the Ancient Church Orders.
Sinodos[edit]
The Ethiopic canonical Sinodos are four books of church order traditionally attributed to the Apostles. They are as follows: Ser`atä Seyon (30 canons), Te'ezaz (71 canons), Gessew (56 canons), and Abtelis (81 canons). Much of the material contained within these books, with the exception of Ser`atä Seyon, is traditionally considered to be of Clementine origin. Other non-canonical parts of the Sinodos are included with these four books within the Ethiopic MSS.
The Book of the Covenant[edit]
Ethiopian Iyesus
The Book of the Covenant, or Mäshafä Kidan, is counted in two parts. Part one has sixty sections and is mostly about church order. Part two is the sixty-first section, and is a discourse of Jesus Christ to his disciples in Galilee following his resurrection.
Ethiopic Clement[edit]
The Ethiopic canonical book of Clement, or Qälëmentos, is distinct from the well known Epistles of Saint Clement—1 Clement and 2 Clement—as well as the aforementioned Clementine Sinodos and any other Clementine literature known in other traditions. It is a uniquely Ethiopic book in seven parts, purportedly by Peter to Clement of Rome.
Ethiopic Didascalia[edit]
The Ethiopic Didascalia, or Didesqelya, is a book of Church order in 43 chapters, distinct from the Didascalia Apostolorum, but similar to books I–VII of the Apostolic Constitutions, where it most likely finds its origins.[2]
Translation into English[edit]
There is a project underway to translate the complete Ethiopian canon into English for the benefit of Ethiopian expatriates.[3]
List of books in the Orthodox Tewahedo Bible[edit]
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Old Testament[1]
- II Chronicles (incl. the Prayer of Manasseh)
- I Ezra[4]
- II Ezra[4]
- Ezra Sutuel[4]
- I, II and III Meqabyan (Similarly named, but not the same as the four Greek Books of the Maccabees)
- Messalë (Proverbs ch 1–24)
- Tägsas (Proverbs ch 25–31)
- Jeremiah (incl. Lamentations, Letter of Jeremiah, Baruch and 4 Baruch)
- Nahum (or Nahium)
New Testament[1]
- Sinodos
- Ser`atä Seyon (30 canons)
- Te'ezaz (71 canons)
- Gessew (56 canons)
- Abtelis (81 canons)
- I-II Covenant
- Ethiopic Clement[5]
- Ethiopic Didascalia[5]
Footnotes[edit]
- ^ abcdEthiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (2003). 'The Bible.' Available online at the Ethiopian Orthodox Church's website. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
- ^ abCowley, R.W. (1974), 'The Biblical Canon Of The Ethiopian Orthodox Church Today', Ostkirchliche Studien, 23: 318–323, retrieved 30 March 2016.
- ^The Official Web Site of the Ethiopian Orthodox Bible Project
- ^ abcCowley 1974, footnote 4.
- ^ abDifferent from the traditional version (Wanger 2011, p. 25)
Further reading[edit]
- Curtin, D.P., ed. (2018). First Book of Ethiopian Maccabees. New York, NY: Barnes & Noble Press.
- Harden, J.M., ed. (1920). The Ethiopian Didascalia.
- Mikre-Sellassie, Gebre-Amanuel (1993). 'The Bible and Its Canon in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church'. The Bible Translator. 44 (1): 111–123. doi:10.1177/026009359304400102.
- Platt, Thomas Pell, ed. (1834). The Ethiopic Didascalia; or, the Ethiopic version of the Apostolical constitutions, received in the church of Abyssinia. London: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.
- Wanger, Anke (2011), The Biblical Canon of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahdo Church(PDF), Euclid University
External links[edit]
- Biblia Aethiopica—August Dillmannet al online edition of the Ethiopic Bible
- What's in Your Bible?—a chart comparing Jewish, Orthodox, Catholic, Syriac, Ethiopic, and Protestant canons (Bible Study Magazine Nov–Dec 08.)
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon&oldid=888518240'
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